A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/or dominance patterns in subgroups.

thumb|225px|left|Ant (formicidae) [[Ethology|social ethology]] Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap.

A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term used extensively within criminology.

More broadly, a society may be described as an economic, social, or industrial infrastructure, made up of a varied collection of individuals. Members of a society may be from different ethnic groups. A society can be a particular ethnic group, such as the Saxons; a nation state, such as Bhutan; or a broader cultural group, such as a Western society. The word ''society'' may also refer to an organized voluntary association of people for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. A "society" may even, though more by means of metaphor, refer to a social organism such as an ant colony or any cooperative aggregate such as, for example, in some formulations of artificial intelligence.

Etymology and usage

The term "society" came from the Latin word ''societas'', which in turn was derived from the noun ''socius'' ("comrade, friend, ally"; adjectival form ''socialis'') used to describe a bond or interaction among parties that are friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, the term can refer to the entirety of humanity (also: "society in general", "society at large", etc.), although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society in this sense may be deemed to be "antisocial". Adam Smith wrote that a society "may subsist among different men, as among different merchants, from a sense of its utility without any mutual love or affection, if only they refrain from doing injury to each other."

Used in the sense of an association, a society is a body of individuals outlined by the bounds of functional interdependence, possibly comprising characteristics such as national or cultural identity, social solidarity, language, or hierarchical organization.

Conceptions of society

Society, in general, addresses the fact that an individual has rather limited means as an autonomous unit. The Great apes have always been more (''Bonobo'', ''Homo'', ''Pan'') or less (''Gorilla'', ''Pongo'') social animals, so Robinson Crusoe-like situations are either fictions or unusual corner cases to the ubiquity of social context for humans, who fall between presocial and eusocial in the spectrum of animal ethology.

In anthropology

Human societies are most often organized according to their primary means of subsistence. Social scientists have identified hunter-gatherer societies, nomadic pastoral societies, horticulturalist or simple farming societies, and intensive agricultural societies, also called civilizations. Some consider industrial and post-industrial societies to be qualitatively different from traditional agricultural societies.

Today, anthropologists and many social scientists vigorously oppose the notion of cultural evolution and rigid "stages" such as these. In fact, much anthropological data has suggested that complexity (civilization, population growth and density, specialization, etc.) does not always take the form of hierarchical social organization or stratification.

Cultural relativism as a widespread approach or ethic has largely replaced notions of "primitive", better/worse, or "progress" in relation to cultures (including their material culture/technology and social organization).

According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier, one critical novelty in human society, in contrast to humanity's closest biological relatives (chimpanzees and bonobo), is the parental role assumed by the males, which supposedly would be absent in our nearest relatives for whom paternity is not generally determinable.

In political science

Societies may also be organized according to their political structure. In order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies. These structures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on the cultural, geographical, and historical environments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more isolated society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive than one in closer proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that is unable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be subsumed into the culture of the competing society.

In sociology

Sociologist Gerhard Lenski differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication, and economy: (1) hunters and gatherers, (2) simple agricultural, (3) advanced agricultural, (4) industrial, and (5) special (e.g. fishing societies or maritime societies). This is similar to the system earlier developed by anthropologists Morton H. Fried, a conflict theorist, and Elman Service, an integration theorist, who have produced a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of social inequality and the role of the state. This system of classification contains four categories:

Hunter-gatherer bands (categorization of duties and responsibilities).

Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige.

Stratified structures led by chieftains.

Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.

In addition to this there are:

Humanity, mankind, upon which rest all the elements of society, including society's beliefs.

Virtual society, a society based on online identity, which is evolving in the information age.

Over time, some cultures have progressed toward more complex forms of organization and control. This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community. Hunter-gatherer tribes settled around seasonal food stocks to become agrarian villages. Villages grew to become towns and cities. Cities turned into city-states and nation-states.

Many societies distribute largess at the behest of some individual or some larger group of people. This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures; typically, prestige accrues to the generous individual or group. Conversely, members of a society may also shun or scapegoat members of the society who violate its norms. Mechanisms such as gift-giving, joking relationships and scapegoating, which may be seen in various types of human groupings, tend to be institutionalized within a society. Social evolution as a phenomenon carries with it certain elements that could be detrimental to the population it serves.

Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action. This type of recognition is bestowed in the form of a name, title, manner of dress, or monetary reward. In many societies, adult male or female status is subject to a ritual or process of this type. Altruistic action in the interests of the larger group is seen in virtually all societies. The phenomena of community action, shunning, scapegoating, generosity, shared risk, and reward are common to many forms of society.

Types of societies

Societies are social groups that differ according to subsistence strategies, the ways that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves. Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. Virtually all societies have developed some degree of inequality among their people through the process of social stratification, the division of members of a society into levels with unequal wealth, prestige, or power. Sociologists place societies in three broad categories: pre-industrial, industrial, and postindustrial.

Pre-industrial societies

In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor, is the main economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and feudal.

;Hunting and gathering societies The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts, and usually only form small groups such as bands and tribes. However, some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as the Tlingit) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdoms. The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies. They generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100. Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The ties that bind the tribe are more complex than those of the bands. Leadership is personal—charismatic—and used for special purposes only in tribal society. There are no political offices containing real power, and a chief is merely a person of influence, a sort of adviser; therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental. The family forms the main social unit, with most societal members being related by birth or marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions, including production and education.

;Pastoral societies Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations. Since there are food surpluses, fewer people are needed to produce food. As a result, the division of labor (the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities) becomes more complex. For example, some people become craftworkers, producing tools, weapons, and jewelry. The production of goods encourages trade. This trade helps to create inequality, as some families acquire more goods than others do. These families often gain power through their increased wealth. The passing on of property from one generation to another helps to centralize wealth and power. Over time emerge hereditary chieftainships, the typical form of government in pastoral societies.

;Horticultural societies Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or forest provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a level of technology and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some horticultural groups use the slash-and-burn method to raise crops. The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as fertilizers. Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a fairly long period of time. This allows them to build semipermanent or permanent villages. The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.

As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, shamans (religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows people to create a wide variety of artifacts. As in pastoral societies, surplus food can lead to inequalities in wealth and power within horticultural political systems are developed because of the settled nature of horticultural life.

;Agricultural societies Agricultural societies use technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area. Sociologists use the phrase Agricultural Revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities. This meant a greater surplus, which resulted in towns that became centers of trade supporting various rulers, educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious leaders who did not have to worry about locating nourishment.

Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agricultural societies. For example, women previously had higher social status because they shared labor more equally with men. In hunting and gathering societies, women even gathered more food than men. However, as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family, they increasingly became subordinate to men. As villages and towns expanded into neighboring areas, conflicts with other communities inevitably occurred. Farmers provided warriors with food in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies. A system of rulers with high social status also appeared. This nobility organized warriors to protect the society from invasion. In this way, the nobility managed to extract goods from “lesser” members of society.

;Feudal societies Feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowner. The caste system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations.

Between the 14th and 16th centuries, a new economic system emerged that began to replace feudalism. Capitalism is marked by open competition in a free market, in which the means of production are privately owned. Europe's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism. The introduction of foreign metals, silks, and spices stimulated great commercial activity in European societies; as a result, hereditary chieftainships are prevalent.

Industrial societies

Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production of goods. This produced further dramatic increases in efficiency. The increased efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before. Now the surplus was not just agricultural goods, but also manufactured goods. This larger surplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced.

Once again, the population boomed. Increased productivity made more goods available to everyone. However, inequality became even greater than before. The breakup of agricultural-based feudal societies caused many people to leave the land and seek employment in cities. This created a great surplus of labor and gave capitalists plenty of laborers who could be hired for extremely low wages.

Post-industrial societies

Postindustrial societies are societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods. Advanced industrial societies are now seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production. The U.S. is the first country to have over half of its work force employed in service industries. Service industries include government, research, education, health, sales, law, banking, and so on. It is still too early to identify and understand all the ramifications this new kind of society will have for social life. In fact, even the phrase "postindustrial" belies the fact that we don't yet quite know what will follow industrial societies or the forms they will take.

Contemporary usage

The term "society" is currently used to cover both a number of political and scientific connotations as well as a variety of associations.

Western society

The development of the Western world has brought with it the emerging concepts of Western culture, politics, and ideas, often referred to simply as "Western society. Geographically, it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It sometimes also includes Eastern Europe, South America, and Israel.

The cultures and lifestyles of all of these stem from Western Europe. They all enjoy relatively strong economies and stable governments, allow freedom of religion, have chosen democracy as a form of governance, favor capitalism and international trade, are heavily influenced by Judeo-Christian values, and have some form of political and military alliance or cooperation.

Information society

Although the concept of information society has been under discussion since the 1930s, in the modern world it is almost always applied to the manner in which information technologies have impacted society and culture. It therefore covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government, and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace.

One of the European Union's areas of interest is the information society. Here policies are directed towards promoting an open and competitive digital economy, research into information and communication technologies, as well as their application to improve social inclusion, public services, and quality of life.

The International Telecommunications Union's World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva and Tunis (2003 and 2005) has led to a number of policy and application areas where action is required. These include:

promotion of ICTs for development;

information and communication infrastructure;

access to information and knowledge;

capacity building;

building confidence and security in the use of ICTs;

enabling environment;

ICT applications in the areas of government, business, learning, health, employment, environment, agriculture and science;

cultural and linguistic diversity and local content;

media;

ethical dimensions of the information society; and

international and regional cooperation.

Knowledge society

As access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society. An analysis by the Irish government stated, "The capacity to manipulate, store and transmit large quantities of information cheaply has increased at a staggering rate over recent years. The digitisation of information and the associated pervasiveness of the Internet are facilitating a new intensity in the application of knowledge to economic activity, to the extent that it has become the predominant factor in the creation of wealth. As much as 70 to 80 percent of economic growth is now said to be due to new and better knowledge."

The Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society, held in Chania, Crete, in September 2009, gave special attention to the following topics:

business and enterprise computing;

technology-enhanced learning;

social and humanistic computing;

culture, tourism and technology;

e-government and e-democracy;

innovation, sustainable development, and strategic management;

service science, management, and engineering;

intellectual and human capital development;

ICTs for ecology and the green economy;

future prospects for the knowledge society; and

technologies and business models for the creative industries.

Other uses

People of many nations united by common political and cultural traditions, beliefs, or values are sometimes also said to form a society (such as Judeo-Christian, Eastern, and Western). When used in this context, the term is employed as a means of contrasting two or more "societies" whose members represent alternative conflicting and competing worldviews.

Some academic, professional, and scientific associations describe themselves as ''societies'' (for example, the American Mathematical Society, the American Society of Civil Engineers, or the Royal Society).

In some countries, e.g. the United States, France, and Latin America, the term "society' is used in commerce to denote a partnership between investors or the start of a business. In the United Kingdom, partnerships are not called societies, but co-operatives or mutuals are often known as societies (such as friendly societies and building societies).

See also

{| |

Civil society

Community

Classless society

Cult

Culture

High society

Mass society

Open society

Professional society

Religion

Scientific society

Secret societies

Social actions

Social capital

Social cohesion

Societal collapse

Social contract

Social disintegration

Social solidarity

Social structure

Structure and agency

|}

Further reading

Effland, R. 1998. The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations Mesa Community College.

Jenkins, R. 2002. ''Foundations of Sociology.'' London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-96050-5.

Lenski, G. 1974. ''Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.'' New York: McGraw- Hill, Inc.

Raymond Williams, "www.flpmihai.blogspot.com", in: Williams, Key Words: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Fontana, 1976.

Notes

External links

Definition of Society from the OED.

Lecture notes on "Defining Society" from East Carolina University.

Learning Commons - What is Culture ? - Glossary Item - Society

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution

"The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."

BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution

National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities

''Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living'' by Clark Nardinelli - the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell.

Cliff Notes on Types of Societies

Perceptions of Knowledge, Knowledge Society, and Knowledge Management

Category:Anthropology Category:Cultural history Category:Economic anthropology Category:Political philosophy Category:Sociology Category:Types of organization

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Coordinates	40°37′29″N73°57′8″N
name	Richard Simmons
birth date	July 12, 1948
birth place	New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
birth name	Milton Teagle Simmons
occupation	Physical fitness expert, voice actor
years active	1974–present
height
husband	Mark Driscoll
website	www.RichardSimmons.com }}

Milton Teagle Simmons (born July 12, 1948), known professionally as Richard Simmons, is an American fitness personality who promotes weight-loss programs, most famously through his Sweatin' to the Oldies line of aerobics videos and DVDs and is known for his eccentric, outgoing and frequently flamboyant personality. Currently, he also provides the voice of Coach Salmons on the Disney Channel animated series ''Fish Hooks.''

Simmons began his career by opening a gym called Slimmons in Beverly Hills, California, catering to the overweight, and he became widely known through exposure on television and through the popularity of his consumer products. He became a cultural icon, often parodied, and a frequent guest of late night television talk shows such as ''The Late Show With David Letterman''. Today, Simmons continues to promote health and has broadened his activities to include political activism, notably in support of a bill mandating non-competitive physical education in public schools as a part of the "No Child Left Behind" act.

Early life

Richard Simmons was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Simmons was born to show business parents and raised Catholic in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. He attended Cor Jesu High School (now Brother Martin High School). He was obese throughout his adolescence and by the time he graduated from high school, he weighed 268 pounds.

His first job, in New Orleans, was selling pralines at Leah's. After starting college at the University of Southwestern Louisiana, he transferred to Florida State University. While enrolled there, he studied as an exchange student in Florence, Italy. He graduated with a BA in Art. After graduation, Simmons moved to New York City where he worked in advertising, as a waiter, and for cosmetics companies Revlon and Coty Cosmetics.

Fitness career

Upon moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s, Simmons worked as the Maître d' at Derek's, a restaurant in Beverly Hills. He developed an interest in fitness, but was dissatisfied with the unhealthy fad diet methods and the established gyms and exercise studios of the day which favored the already fit customer. It was his interest in fitness that helped him lose .

Simmons later opened his own exercise studio, originally called ''The Anatomy Asylum'', where emphasis was placed on healthy eating in proper portions and enjoyable exercise in a supportive atmosphere. The business originally included a salad bar restaurant called "Ruffage," the name a pun on the word ''roughage'' (dietary fiber), though it was eventually removed as the focus of the ''Asylum'' shifted solely to exercise. Now called ''Slimmons'', the establishment continues operations in Beverly Hills, and Simmons teaches motivational classes and aerobics throughout the week.

On February 16, 2010, Simmons appeared on the ''Dr. Oz Show''. At that time it was stated that Simmons has kept off his own 100+ pound weight loss for 42 years, has been helping others lose weight for 35 years, and that in the course of his fitness career has helped humanity lose approximately 12,000,000 pounds. Simmons now uses the web as a method of outreach by running his own membership based website, and also indicates on his home page that he has established official pages on numerous social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and YouTube.

Media appearances

Simmons began to draw media attention due to the success of his health club that began with an appearance on the television show ''Real People'' where he was shown at work. He introduced customers whom he had helped to lose weight. He later made guest appearances on the celebrity game shows: ''Battlestars'', ''Body Language'', ''Super Password'', the ABC version of ''Match Game'', the syndicated version of ''Hollywood Squares'', ''Win, Lose or Draw'' and Nickelodeon's ''Figure It Out''.

Positive viewer reaction landed Simmons a recurring role as himself on the American soap opera ''General Hospital'', over a four-year period. This in turn led to further media notoriety, as well as personal appearances in shopping malls, where he taught exercise classes. In the early 1980s, Simmons hosted two shows; ''Slim Cookin'', and an Emmy Award-winning talk show, ''The Richard Simmons Show'', in which he focused on personal health, fitness, exercise, and healthy cooking.

Simmons has appeared as himself on numerous TV shows, including ''Whose Line Is It Anyway?'', ''CHiPs'', ''Saturday Night Live'', The Larry Sanders Show and on an episode of ''Arrested Development'', "Bringing Up Buster". In 1999, he hosted a short lived TV show called ''DreamMaker''. Eight years later he filmed a pledge drive special for PBS, called ''Love Yourself And Win''.

Simmons has been featured in TV advertisements for Sprint, Yoplait, Herbal Essence Shampoos,and toward the end of 2007, he appeared in a "This is SportsCenter" commercial on ESPN as the show's "conditioning coach." In Canada, Simmons appeared in an advertisement for Simmons mattresses. The mattress company hired the exercise celebrity because of the similarity in name, and for his appeal to the company's target audience of women over 35. Beyond this, there is no further business partnership between the two.

For three years, he hosted a radio show on Sirius Stars, Sirius Satellite Radio channel 102, called ''Lighten Up with Richard Simmons''. The show is no longer in production.

Simmons was a frequent guest on ''The Howard Stern Show'' in the 1990s. While he resolved at one point to refuse future appearances after Stern insulted him one too many times, he finally reappeared on Stern's show on November 16, 2006. He made a follow-up appearance on April 10, 2007, where a comment Stern made led Simmons to run out of the studio, crying hysterically. Simmons was also a frequent guest on ''Late Night with David Letterman'' (NBC) and ''The Late Show with David Letterman'' (CBS). On November 22, 2000, they had a falling out after an incident that occurred on that night's show. Simmons (while dressed as a turkey) was sprayed in the face by Letterman with a fire extinguisher after Simmons grabbed Letterman as if to hug or kiss him, causing Simmons to have a severe asthma attack. Simmons did not appear on the Letterman show for six years, finally returning on November 29, 2006. During that appearance, Letterman once again set Simmons up for a prank. While Richard Simmons was demonstrating a steamer branded with his name, Letterman insisted on placing a tray under the steamer which Simmons did not believe belonged there. When Simmons turned the steamer on, something in the tray exploded and caught fire. Though initially scared, Simmons took the incident in fairly good nature, even joking that he "felt like Michael Jackson" (referring to a mishap where Jackson's hair was set on fire by a pyrotechnics accident). Simmons also appeared on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. He and Leno went door-to-door to market Simmons' health program, only to have people spew as many insults at him as they could.

Simmons appeared as a guest on the U.S. version of ''Whose Line Is It Anyway?''

Simmons appears on tracks 1 and 10 of Bob Rivers's 1997 holiday album ''More Twisted Christmas''.

Simmons has appeared multiple times on ''The Glenn Beck Program'' on HLN. Simmons is featured heavily in the film clip of 'Hawker Boat' by Tobacco, taken from the album ''Fucked Up Friends''. Simmons provided the voice for Coach Salmons, a reoccurring character modeled after his own likeness, for the first season of Disney Channel's animated television series ''Fish Hooks'', a Disney Channel Original Series that premiered on September 24, 2010. On December 8, 2010, it was announced that the show has been picked up for a second season. In 2011, Simmons starred in "Fit to Fly with Richard Simmons", an Air New Zealand inflight safety briefing video modeled after his aerobic workouts.

Personal life

Personality

Simmons is noted for his flamboyant, high-energy, motivational demeanor, an attribute he uses to help encourage people to lose weight. His high energy level is always featured in his workout videos. His trademark attire is candy-striped Dolfin shorts and tank tops decorated with Swarovski crystals.

Simmons is known for interacting at a personal level with people using his products. This began by personally answering fan mail he received as a cast member of ''General Hospital''. Simmons still personally answers emails and letters, and makes hundreds of phone calls each week to those who seek his help. He also talked to people on the air during his radio show, and holds weekly live chats in the "clubhouse" area of his website. His appearances also include a "meet and greet" time, so that people can speak to him one on one.

Simmons claims to have few friends, saying "I don't have a lot to offer one person. I have a lot to offer to a lot of people." Aside from his three Dalmatians and two maids, Simmons lives alone in the Hollywood Hills. Although there has been frequent speculation about his sexual orientation due to his campy personality, Simmons has never publicly discussed his sexuality.

Hurricane Katrina response

In September 2005 Simmons appeared on ''Entertainment Tonight'' to discuss the effects of Hurricane Katrina on his family in his hometown of New Orleans and his involvement in aiding those affected by the hurricane. On August 29, 2006 Simmons appeared on ''Your World with Neil Cavuto'' while making a return visit to New Orleans one year after the flooding, a visit he repeated on March 2, 2007, now talking about his recent trip to Washington D.C. to promote and raise awareness about The Strengthening Physical Education Act of 2007 (bill HR 1224).

Print and media

Books

''Never Say Diet'' ISBN 0-517-40284-X

''Never Say Diet Cookbook''

''The Better Body Book''

''Reach for Fitness: A Special Book of Exercises for the Physically Challenged'' Warner Books 1986 ISBN 0-446-51302-4

''Deal-A-Meal Cookbook''

''Richard Simmons' Never Give Up: Inspirations, Reflections, Stories of Hope'' Warner Books, 1984 ISBN 0-446-60085-7

''Farewell to Fat'' Atlantic Books 2002 ISBN 1-57719-102-1

''Sweetie Pie''

''Still Hungry After All These Years: My Story'' Gt Pub Corp 1999 ISBN 1-57719-356-3

''The FoodMover Cookbook''

''Cookin' on Broadway''

''Steam Away the Pounds''

Audio

Audio cassette

''Project Me'' (six tape set)

''Sweatin' and Sharin'''

''Colors of Your Life'' (single tape)

''Colors of Your Life'' (six tape set)

''Secrets of the Winners'' (single tape)

''Take a Walk''

''Take a Hike''

''Take a Classical Walk''

''Walk Across America''

''Walkin' on Broadway''

''Walk Around the World''

''Never Give Up'' (book on tape, read by Simmons)

Compact discs

''Richard Picks the Hits, Volume 1''

''Richard Picks the Hits, Volume 2''

''Country Cardio''

''Oh Happy Day''

''Fitness Fiesta''

''Wicked Workout''

''Big Screen Burn''

''Shimmy Into Shape''

''In the Mood to Lose''

''Classical Chillout''

Vinyl record

''Reach'' (Elektra Records, 1983)

Digital Compact Cassette

''Colors of Your Life (single tape)'' (Goodtimes Entertainment, BASF 90 Min. 1998)

Visual media

DVDs

''Richard Simmons and the Silver Foxes''

''Disco Sweat''

''60's Blast Off''

''80's Blast Off''

''SuperSweatin': Party Off the Pounds''

''SuperTonin': Totally Tonin''

''SuperTonin': Totally Tonin' with Toning Rings''

''Sit Tight''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies 2''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies 3''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies 4''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies 5''

''Love Yourself and Win''

''Boogie Down the Pounds''

''Tonin' to the Oldies''

Video cassette

''Everyday with Richard Simmons''

''The Stomach Formula''

''Get Started''

''Reach for Fitness''

''Richard Simmons and the Silver Foxes''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies 2''

''Sweatin' to the Oldies 3''

''Sweat and Shout'' (also sold as Sweatin to the Oldies 4'')

''Day By Day'' (Volumes 1-12)

''Pump and Sweat''

''Step and Sweat''

''Tone and Sweat''

''Disco Sweat''

''Stretchin' to the Classics''

''Dance Your Pants Off!''

''Tonin' Uptown''

''Tonin' Downtown''

''Groovin' In The House''

''The Ab Formula''

''No Ifs Ands or Butts''

''Love to Stretch''

''Blast Off''

''Broadway Sweat''

''Tone Up On Broadway''

''Broadway Blast Off''

''Platinum Sweat''

''Sit Tight''

''Latin Blast Off'' (also marketed as ''Sudar Mucho'')

''Mega Mix Blast Off''

''Mega Mix 2 Blast Off''

''Disco Blast Off''

''60's Blast Off''

''80's Blast Off''

''Blast and Tone''

Notes

References

Richard Simmons 2006 Interview on ''Sidewalks Entertainment''

Richard Simmons discusses his physical education campaign with education blogger Kevin Carey

Richard Simmons audio interview on physical education at Education Week

Interview with Richard Simmons

Richard Simmons Pushes to Get Kids Active in School interview with USA Today

Fitness Guru Takes Message to Congress on NPR

External links

The official Richard Simmons website

Richard Simmons is a Diet and Fitness Coach at AOL Coaches

Richard Simmons talks about how to remain motivated at Lemondrop.com

Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:Aerobic exercise Category:American exercise instructors Category:American health and wellness writers Category:American motivational writers Category:American radio personalities Category:American television personalities Category:American voice actors Category:Florida State University alumni Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana Category:American restaurateurs

es:Richard Simmons fr:Richard Simmons he:ריצ'רד סימונס ja:リチャード・シモンズ pl:Richard Simmons tr:Richard Simmons

Coordinates	40°37′29″N73°57′8″N
name	Jacques-Yves Cousteau
birth date	June 11, 1910
birth place	Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France
death date	June 25, 1997
death place	Paris, France
spouse	}}

Jacques-Yves Cousteau (; commonly known in English as Jacques Cousteau; 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He co-developed the aqua-lung, pioneered marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".

Life

Early life

Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the prestigious Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École Navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau indulged his interest in the sea.

In Toulon, where he was serving on the ''Condorcet'', Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern diving masks. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior, with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the ''Calypso''. In 1991, one year after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

Early 1940s: Innovation of modern underwater diving

The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in Megève, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible places — for Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: ''Par dix-huit mètres de fond'' (''18 meters deep''), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands (Var) with Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Dumas, without forgetting the paramount part played, as originator of the depth-pressure-proof camera case, by the mechanical engineer Léon Vèche (engineer of Arts and Métiers and the Naval College).

In 1943, they made the film ''Épaves'' (''Shipwrecks''): for this occasion, they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. Those prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company following Gagnan's and Cousteau's instructions. When making ''Épaves'', Cousteau could not find the necessary blank reels of movie film, but had to buy hundreds of small still camera film reels the same width, intended for a make of child's camera, and cemented them together to make long reels.

Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who wrote the collaborationist newspaper ''Je suis partout'' (''I am everywhere'') and who received the death sentence in 1946. However this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954.

During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the aqua-lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, ''The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure'' (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur. Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by Émile Gagnan. In 1943 Cousteau tried out the first prototype aqua-lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible.

Late 1940s: GERS and ''Élie Monnier''

In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film "Épaves" to Admiral Lemonnier, and the admiral gave them the responsibility of setting up the Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines (GRS) (Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'Études et de Recherches Sous-Marines, = Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER ("COMmandement des Interventions Sous la MER", = "Undersea Interventions Command"), and finally more recently the CEPHISMER. In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an aqualung while attempting a new depth record with the GERS near Toulon.

In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop ''Élie Monnier'', with Philippe Tailliez, Frédéric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951).

Cousteau and the ''Élie Monnier'' then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3.

The adventures of this period are told in the two books ''The Silent World'' (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and ''Plongées sans câble'' (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).

1950–1970s

In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy.

In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called ''Calypso'' from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the ''Calypso'' as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Congloué (1952).

With the publication of his first book in 1953, ''The Silent World'', he correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the ''Élie Monier,'' was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines.

Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for ''The Silent World'' co-produced with Louis Malle. With the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a "diving saucer" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters.

In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographical Museum of Monaco. He directed Précontinent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.

In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevelod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump. Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin.

A meeting with American television companies (ABC, Métromédia, NBC) created the series ''The Underwater Odyssey of Commander Cousteau'', with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress) intended to give the films a "personalized adventure" style.

In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President; it now has more than 300,000 members.

Three years after the volcano's last eruption, on 19 December 1973, the Cousteau team was filming on Deception Island, Antarctica when Michel Laval, ''Calypso'''s second in command, was struck and killed by a propeller of the helicopter that was ferrying between ''Calypso'' and the island.

In 1976, Cousteau uncovered the wreck of HMHS ''Britannic''. He also found the wreck of La Therese in Crete island

In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Environment prize.

On 28 June 1979, while the ''Calypso'' was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son, Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus river near Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his then eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel Cousteau, to his side. This collaboration lasted 14 years.

1980–1990s

In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, ''Cries from the Deep'' and ''St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea''.

In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Ronald Reagan.

On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the French Academy, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the Cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced under the Cupola by Érik Orsenna on 28 May 1998.

In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album ''Waiting for Cousteau''. He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary "Palawan, the last refuge".

On 2 December 1990, his wife Simone Cousteau died of cancer.

In June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried, to Francine Triplet, with whom he had (before this marriage) two children, Diane and Pierre-Yves. Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son worsened.

In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the UNESCO courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. The full article text can be found online.

In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank.

In 1996, he sued his son who wished to open a holiday center named "Cousteau" in the Fiji Islands.

On 11 January 1996, ''Calypso'' was rammed and sunk in Singapore harbor by a barge. The ''Calypso'' was refloated and towed home to France.

Death

Jacques-Yves Cousteau died on 25 June 1997 in Paris, aged 87. Despite persistent rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. An homage was paid to him by the city by the inauguration of a "rue du Commandant Cousteau", a street which runs out to his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

Honors

During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:

Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur

Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite

Croix de guerre 1939–1945

Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime

Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (26 January 1990) National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961

Legacy

Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members.

Cousteau liked to call himself an "oceanographic technician." He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature. His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans.

His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticised at the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting.

Cousteau died on 25 June 1997. The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original ''Calypso'' into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the ''Calypso II''.

In his last years, after marrying again, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel over Jean-Michel licensing the Cousteau name for a South Pacific resort, resulting in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court not to encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours.

In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved into conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs.

In popular culture

Wu-Tang Clan member Old Dirty Bastard pays homage to Jacques Cousteau in the song ''Da Mystery of Chessboxin''' from Wu-Tang Clan's ''Enter the 36 Chambers''. "Here I go, deep type flow. Jacques Cousteau could never get this low."

The song "Nice To Know You" from the American alt-rock band, Incubus, references Cousteau, saying the writer's current feeling is "Deeper than the deepest Cousteau would ever go."

American rapper Canibus mentions Cousteau's name in his song ''Bis vs R.I.P''.

American rap group Jedi Mind Tricks uses his name as the chorus, saying "I'm a get deep like Jacques Cousteau; Jacques Cousteau could never get this low", from the song ''Get This Low''.

Belgian singer Plastic Bertrand made a song about Jacques Cousteau in 1981, under the title ''Jacques Cousteau''.

John Denver wrote a song called ''Calypso'' as a tribute to Cousteau, the ship, and her crew. The song reached the number-one position on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 charts.

Cousteau was an inspiration to Stephen Hillenburg, creator of ''SpongeBob SquarePants'', and the French Narrator (played by Tom Kenny) from the series was made in tribute to him.

Director Wes Anderson has referenced Cousteau a number of times. In his 1998 film ''Rushmore'', the main character Max Fischer finds a Jacques Cousteau quote handwritten in a library book and begins a search for the last person who checked out the book. The quote was "When one man, for whatever reason, has an opportunity to lead an extraordinary life, he has no right to keep it to himself."

The 2004 film ''The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'', also directed by Wes Anderson, is regarded as both a homage to and a send-up of Cousteau's career. It includes an end credit that reads "In memory of Jacques-Yves Cousteau and with gratitude to the Cousteau Society, which was not involved in the making of this film."

Two New Age composers, Vangelis (who was heavily involved with Cousteau in the 1990s) and Jean Michel Jarre, released albums including original numbers honoring Jacques-Yves Cousteau: ''Cousteau's Dreams'' (2000) and ''Waiting for Cousteau'' (1990).

The Swedish band Bob Hund performed a tribute to Jacques Cousteau on their album ''Ingenting'', released in 2002, with songs recorded in 1992–93. They refer to him as being "a brave aquanaut".

The band ''The Flight of the Conchords'' references Jacques Cousteau in their song ''Foux du Fa Fa'', when Bret holds up a fish- referring to Cousteau's study of the ocean.

Andrew Bird's song Lull, on his album Weather Systems, begins, "Being alone, it can be quite romantic/Like Jacques Cousteau underneath the Atlantic."

In Star Trek, the captain's yacht of the USS Enterprise-E is named Cousteau.

An internet rumour and disinformation which has been running since 1989 says wrongly that Cousteau became a Muslim upon seeing the Koran. Around 1980 a scale model of the Calypso research ship, complete with the marine helicopter was sold to children worldwide, along with leaflets calling for donations to the Cousteau foundation. These models are still being sold as toys.

The futuristic novel ''The Deep Range'' written by Arthur C. Clarke mentions a research submarine named ''Cousteau''.

Gwar's first album, Hell-O, included a song named "Je M'Appelle J. Cöusteaü".

The Actionslacks released a song titled "Jacques Cousteau" on their EP "Kids With Guitars".

The Swedish jazzband Esbjörn Svensson Trio tributed Cousteau on their album "Seven Days of Falling" with the track "Did they ever tell Cousteau?". Esbjörn Svensson died in a scuba diving accident on 14 June 2008.

In the ''Friends'' episode 'The One Where Ross Gets High', Phoebe mentions that she is 'in love with Jacques Cousteau'.

The Tragically Hip, a Canadian rock band, reference Cousteau in their song "Twist My Arm" from their album "Road Apples".

On their album ''Row Vs. Wade'', the parodic bluegrass band Run C&W mention (and do a brief impression of) Cousteau in their cover of Stevie Wonder's classic, "Signed, Sealed, Delivered (I'm Yours)".

In the first episode of ''Pinky and the Brain'', "Das Mouse," the Brain, after stealing a submarine, does an impression of Cousteau in an attempt to avoid being sunk by the United States Navy.

In the ''30 Rock'' episode "TGS Hates Women", Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) said that he idolized Costeau and claimed that he met him when he was young.

In the Episode 5: OUTATIME of ''Back to the Future: The Game'', a diver at the Hill Valley Expo is named Jacques Douteux.

See also

Scuba diving

Aqua-lung

HMHS Britannic

William Beebe

Precontinent

Conshelf Two

Jacques-Yves Cousteau's ships

Calypso (ship)

SP-350 ''Denise'' ("the Diving saucer")

Alcyone (ship)

Calypso II (planned)

Bibliography

Books by Cousteau

''The Silent World'' (1953, with Frédéric Dumas)

''Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury'' (1959, with James Dugan)

''The Living Sea'' (1963, with James Dugan)

''World Without Sun'' (1965)

''The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau'' (1970–1975, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diole)

*''The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea'' (1970)

*''Diving for Sunken Treasure'' (1971)

*''Life and Death in a Coral Sea'' (1971)

*''The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea'' (1972)

*''Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence'' (1973)

*''Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes'' (1973)

*''Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus'' (1974)

*''Dolphins'' (1975)

''The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau'' (1973–78, 21 volumes)

*''Oasis in Space'' (vol 1)

*''The Act of Life'' (vol 2)

*''Quest for Food'' (vol 3)

*''Window in the Sea'' (vol 4)

*''The Art of Motion'' (vol 5)

*''Attack and Defense'' (vol 6)

*''Invisible Messages (vol 7)

*''Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)

*''Pharaohs of the Sea'' (vol 9)

*''Mammals in the Sea'' (vol 10)

*''Provinces of the Sea'' (vol 11)

*''Man Re-Enters Sea'' (vol 12)

*''A Sea of Legends'' (vol 13)

*''Adventure of Life'' (vol 14)

*''Outer and Inner Space'' (vol 15)

*''The Whitecaps'' (vol 16)

*''Riches of the Sea'' (vol 17)

*''Challenges of the Sea'' (vol 18)

*''The Sea in Danger'' (vol 19)

*''Guide to the Sea and Index'' (vol 20)

*''Calypso'' (1978, vol 21)

''A Bill of Rights for Future Generations'' (1979)

''Life at the Bottom of the World'' (1980)

''The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment'' (1981, aka '' The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on a Water Planet'')

''Jacques Cousteau's Calypso'' (1983)

''Marine Life of the Caribbean'' (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek)

''Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey'' (1984, with Mose Richards)

''Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World'' (1985)

''The Whale'' (1987, with Philippe Diole)

''Jacques Cousteau: Whales'' (1988, with Yves Paccalet)

''The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus'' (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007]

Books about Cousteau

''Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau'' (1957) by James Dugan

''Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World'' (2000) by Roger King

''Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea'' (2002) by John Bankston

''Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea'' (2008) by Kathleen Olmstead

Films

''The Silent World'' (1956)

''World Without Sun'' (1964)

''Journey to the End of the World'' (1976)

''Cries from the Deep'' (1981) (Jacques Gagné, director) ''St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea'' (1982) (co-director)

Television series

1966–68 ''The World of Jacques-Yves Cousteau''

1968–76 ''The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau''

1977–77 ''Oasis in Space''

1977–81 ''Cousteau's Odyssey Series''

1982–84 ''Cousteau's Amazon Series''

1985–91 ''Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World I''

1992–94 ''Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World II''

References

External links

The Cousteau Society

About the Cousteau Society (A page by Robert Simms of Clemson University Mathematics Department)

NOAA summary of Cousteau Society contributions

Cousteau speaking to young people (.mov QuickTime movie, 1.6Mb)

Short biography

Obituary (CNN)

Find-A-Grave profile for Jacques-Yves Cousteau

Jacques-Yves Cousteau (A brief biography by British amateur scuba diver Dave "Hooch" Hasney)

Fact file by NNDB

Review of latest book, The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus

Pictures of Jacques-Yves Cousteau and other members of his marine exploration team.

Jacques Cousteau centennial: 'The sea is everything'

Category:1910 births Category:1997 deaths Category:People from Gironde Category:20th-century explorers Category:Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Category:Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Disease-related deaths in France Category:French explorers Category:French marine biologists Category:French Navy officers Category:French military personnel of World War II Category:Grand Croix of the Ordre national du Mérite Category:Members of the Académie française Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Category:Oceanographers Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Underwater divers Category:Underwater photographers Category:French photographers Category:French documentary filmmakers Category:French inventors

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